Eugenol

(in 3,351 products)

1. Antioxidant - Reduces oxidation to prevent the formation of free radicals which may be harmful to health.

2. Drug / Medicine - Treats, alleviates, cures, or prevents sickness. As officially declared by a governmental drug/medicine regulatory body

3. Essential Oils - Can be extracted mechanically by pressing, or through a solvent such as steam, alcohol or CO2

4. Flavor / Flavoring / Flavor Enhancer - Provides or enhances a particular taste or smell.

5. Fragrance / Fragrance Component - Provides or enhances a particular smell or odor.

Eugenol is a yellow, oily liquid commonly found in cloves and nutmeg.

Clove oil consists of 85-92% eugenol and "exhibits broad antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive, Gram-negative and acid-fact bacteria" and is also partially anti-fungal. [2] [3] Eugenol can also be used as a platelet inhibitor to prevent blood clots, it is anti-inflammatory and may be combined with zinc oxide for use in local dental anesthesia. [2] Overall, eugenol is purported to be a panacea with anti-carcinogenic, anti-allergic, anti-mutagenic, anti-viral, antioxidant and antitumoral activities. [3]

Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata) is where Eugenol obtains its name from. [4] It has traditionally been used in folk medicine as an antiseptic and analgesic, particularly in dental care. [4] In an experiment conducted on Swiss mice and Wistar rats, "eugenol exhibited significant antinociceptive (anti-pain) activity against chemical stimuli (acetic acid tests), but not against thermal stimuli, suggesting that eugenol predominantly inhibits the peripheral pain mechanism.". [4] [5] Oral administration of up to 50 mg/kg is sufficient to have an effect compared to the control and 400 mg/kg will produce an anti-inflammatory effect similar to indomethacin and celecoxib. [4] Eugenol has the potential to be developed into a prostaglandin E2 inhibitor or COX-2 inhibitor [6], as well as an interleukin cytokine (IL-1, IL-2, IL-12) inhibitor and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) inhibitor. [3] [7] The downregulation of COX-2 by eugenol is effective enough to prevent and reduce thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury in Winstar rats. [8] These are significant results given the much lower toxicity of eugenol in comparison to designed drugs.

Eugenol is also classed as a dietary antioxidant which is able to reverse and restore cardiac hypertrophy induced in Winstar rats. [9] The mechanism of action is hypothesized to be through the inhibition of calcineurin. [9] Eugenol is anti-fungal due to its inhibition of lipid peroxidation [10], and anti-viral due to its inhibition of viral replication, particularly in various herpes simplex virus strains. [11]

(EC) No 1223/2009

2003/15/EC

III/71

- 0.001% in leave-on products

- 0.01% in rinse-off products

0450/01 - Memorandum on the SCCNFP Opinion concerning Fragrance Allergy

0673/03 - Opinion concerning Essential Oils

0017/98 - Opinion concerning Fragrance Allergy in Consumers - A Review of the Problem -

Analysis of the need for appropriate Consumer Information and Identification of Consumer Allergens

0202/99 - Opinion concerning the Interim Position on Fragrance Allergy

1. PubChem: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3314

2. Recent Trends in Indian Traditional Herbs Syzygium aromaticum and its Health Benefits (Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(1), 13-22)

3. Clove and eugenol in noncytotoxic concentrations exert immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory action on cytokine production by murine macrophages. (Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 64(4), 610–616. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01440.x)

4. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities A of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models. (Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 19(1b), 212–217. doi:10.1590/s0102-695x2009000200006)

5. Effect of eugenol on animal models of nociception (Indian J. Pharmacol., 38(5), 341-345)

6. Eugenol suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. (Life Sci., 73(3), 337–348. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00288-1)

7. Suppression of interleukin-2 gene expression by isoeugenol is mediated through down-regulation of NF-AT and NF-kappaB. (Int. Immunopharmacol., 7(9), 1251-1258)

8. Investigation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and DNA-protective properties of eugenol in thioacetamide-induced liver injury in rats. (Toxicology, 268(3), 204–212. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.018)

9. Prevention of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by eugenol, an antioxidant. (Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 21(2), 107–113. doi:10.1007/bf02912923)

10. Antiaflatoxigenic activity of eugenol is due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation. (Letters in Applied Microbiology, 28(3), 179–183. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00512.x)

11. Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S. G. Harrison and essential oil, eugenol. (Phytotherapy Research, 21(12), 1153–1158. doi:10.1002/ptr.2226)

12. Eugenol induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion and angiogenesis in a rat model of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG. (Life Sciences, 86(25-26), 936–941. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.010)

13. Eugenol isolated from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata induces a reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. (Cancer Letters, 225(1), 41–52. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.018)

14. Investigation of anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, DNA-damaging and DNA-protective effects of plant volatiles eugenol and borneol in human-derived HepG2, Caco-2 and VH10 cell lines. (Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 677(1-2), 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.016)

1. EU CosIng Annex III, SUBSTANCES WITH RESTRICTIONS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS [2018]

- Ref: III/71

2. EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety

- List A: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/perfume-allergies/en/l-3/1-introduction.htm

3. Japan’s List of Designated Food Additives under Article 10 of the Food Sanitation Act

- Eugenol

4. Hong Kong Consumer Council

- Eugenol - Fragrance allergen